T., Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S., & Sanders, G. Evolution and Human Behavior, 21, 163–183. The 2nd to 4th digit ratio, sexual dimorphism, population differences and reproductive success: Evidence for sexually antagonistic genes. T., Barley, L., Lewis-Jones, I., Walton, J., Trivers, R. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press. Digit ratio: A pointer to fertility, behavior and health. 2nd to 4th digit ratios, fetal testosterone and estradiol.
Lutchmaya, S., Baron-Cohen, S., Raggatt, P., Knickmeyer, R., & Manning, J. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 179–188. Are 2D:4D finger-length ratios related to sexual orientation? Yes for men, no for women. Cerebral lateralization: Biological mechanisms, associations and pathology: I. Second to fourth digit ratio and hand skill in Austrian children. Personality and Individual Differences, 37, 495–503.įink, B., Manning, J. Second to fourth digit ratio and the ‘big five’ personality factors. Evolution and Human Behavior, 25, 113–124.įink, B., Manning, J. Self-perceived attractiveness and masculinization predict women’s sociosexuality. In-utero androgen exposure and 2nd to 4th digit length ratio: Comparisons between healthy controls and females with classical congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Masculinized finger length patterns in human males and females with congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 28, 213–221.īrown, W. The relation between sexual orientation and penile size. Personality and Individual Differences, 21, 77–84.īogaert, A. Physical development and sexual orientation in men: Height, weight and age of puberty differences. Finger length ratio (2D:4D) correlates with physical aggression in men but not in women.
Personality and Individual Differences, 33, 1115–1124.īailey, A. A preliminary investigation of the associations between personality, cognitive ability and digit ratio. It is concluded that more data are required to clarify whether or not there is a 2D:4D effect for sexual orientation in men.Īustin, E. We discuss these results in relation to the suggestion that mean 2D:4D in heterosexual men differs across populations but mean 2D:4D in homosexuals shows less geographical variation (the “uniform mean hypothesis”). The European studies show high heterosexual mean 2D:4D, and comparisons with homosexuals reveal the latter to have lower or similar mean 2D:4D to that of heterosexuals. Considering Caucasian men, the studies from the United States show low heterosexual mean 2D:4D, and homosexual mean 2D:4D is higher or similar to that of heterosexuals. There are now 6 reports of 2D:4D in heterosexual and homosexual men. We found no significant difference between means for homosexual and heterosexual 2D:4D, with values for both falling between 0.96 to 0.97.
Here, we report mean 2D:4D in Austrian homosexual and heterosexual men. In comparison to heterosexual men, mean 2D:4D in gay men has been reported to be hypermasculinized (lower 2D:4D), hypomasculinized (higher 2D:4D), or to show no significant difference. A recent suggestion, that the ratio of the length of the 2nd and 4th digits (2D:4D) is negatively correlated with prenatal testosterone, has led to a number of studies of 2D:4D in homosexual and heterosexual men and women. Neurohormonal theories of sexual orientation emphasize the organizational effects of testosterone on the developing brain.
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